The global demand for timber products
will continues
to soar in line
with increasing population and economic development. Against this increasing demand the world is losing vast areas
of forest land yearly and the continuing loss
of
forests
could
prove costly for the country.
However, Malaysia has been
singularly fortunate in having been able to maintain 56.4 % of its total land
area as forested land; it is an encouraging pride and achievement because many countries were not able or unwilling to do so as their forest areas had been opened up for
sustainable development projects and excessive logging.
Malaysia has been, among all developing countries, can be considered fortunate to be well endowed with a relatively
large tract of rich and diverse tropical rain forests which has been noted to
be amongst the most complex ecosystem in the world. As a well-known forested
country, the total forested area in Malaysia is 18.48
million hectares which comprises 56.4% of the total land area with 5.85 million ha
in Peninsular Malaysia, 4.40 million ha in Sabah and 8.23 million ha in
Sarawak. The detail is as follows:
FORESTED
AREA IN MALAYSIA (UNTILL APRIL 2010)
Wilayah
|
Forested Area (million hectares)
|
Percentage
(%)
|
Peninsular Malaysia
|
5.85
|
44.7
|
Sabah
|
4.40
|
56.7
|
Sarawak
|
8.23
|
66.8
|
Total
|
18.48
|
56.4
|
Source: Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Forestry
Department and Sarawak Forestry Department
Generally, forested area in Malaysia consists of unique and complex
ecosystems which are home to the country’s rich flora and fauna. It can be classified into 3
categories as state land forest, alienated land and permanent reserved forest. The major forest types consist of dry
inland forest which is the main forest cover, peat swamp forest and mangrove
forest.
Currently, total forested land in Malaysia is 5,807,383.53 hectares whereas non-forested land is 7,377,249.47 hectares. Of the total
forested area, 4,912,812.78 hectares are Permanent
Reserved Forests (PRFs), 304,567.75 hectares are State/Alienated Land Forests and 585,119 hectares are National Park/Wildlife and Bird
Sanctuary. Approximately 2,917,889.39
hectares of the PRFs are designated as production forests managed under
sustainable forest management with the remaining 1,994,923.39 hectares being protection forests. The details
forest land uses in Malaysia are as follows:
FOREST LAND USE IN MALAYSIA (UNTILL
31 DIS 2011)
Year
|
Land area
|
Forested
Land
|
Other Reserved Forest
|
Total
Forested Land
|
Total Non-Forested
Land
|
||
Reserved
Forest
|
Wild life
& other Reserves under forest: i. outside PRF*** ii. inside PRF ****
|
State Land
|
|||||
1960*
|
50,700 sq mil x 259.11 = 13,136,877 ha
|
13,375 sq mil x
259.11 = 3,465,596 ha
|
2,564 sq mil x 259.11 =664,358 ha
|
20,605 sq mil x 259.11 =5,338,961 ha
|
-
|
36,543 sq mil x 259.11
=9,468,915 ha
|
14,157 sq mil x 259.11 =3,669,962 ha
|
2011
(ha)
|
13,184,633**
|
4,912,812.78
|
585,119***
119,594.87****
|
304,567.75
|
4,884
|
5,807,383.53
|
7,377,249.47
|
*Data for year 1960 are in Square Miles
** Source of data from JUPEM
# 1 sq miles = 259.11 ha
By
far the most important thing for the country is to accept the responsibility
and device the remedies that are suited to local conditions. Ironically,
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs is the strategic
management principle in Malaysia.
The forest in Peninsular Malaysia is being managed by Sustainable
Forest Management (SFM) whereby sustainable concept has been the pillar of the
forest management with emphasis on the balanced between economic, social and
environment for the benefit of present and future
generations.
The
General Assembly of the United Nations adopted in December 2007 the most
widely, intergovernmental agreed definition of Sustainable Forest Management
(SFM) as follows:
Sustainable forest management as a dynamic and
evolving concept aims to maintain and enhance the economic, social and
environmental value of all types of forests, for the benefit of present and
future generations. It is characterized by seven elements, including: (i)
extent of forest resources; (ii) forest biological diversity; (iii) forest
health and vitality; (iv) productive functions of forest resources; (v)
protective functions of forest resources; (vi) socio-economic functions of
forests; and (vii) legal, policy and institutional framework. (Source: UN 2008, Resolution 62/98)
According
to the ITTO, Sustainable Forest
Management (SFM) is defined as: “The process of managing permanent
forest land to achieve one or more clearly specified objectives of management
with regard to the production of a continuous flow of desired forest products
and services without undue reduction in its inherent values and future
productivity and without undue undesirable effects on the physical and social
environment”.
The
concept of sustainable forest management thus is the multi-purpose management
of the forest so that its overall capacity to provide goods and services is not
diminished. A forest managed in this way will provide timber on a sustainable
basis and will continue to provide fuel wood, food and other goods and services
for those living in and around it. Its role in the preservation of genetic
resources and biological diversity as well as in the protection of the environment
will also be maintained.
During
twentieth century, Malaysia has evolved a systematic and sustainable yield
policy with regards to the management of the forests with the establishment of
the Forestry Department in 1901. Over the years ecologically and
environmentally sound policies for forest conservation and management have been
developed.
Focus on forest management has been shifted solely
from sustained yield timber production
to broader scope of management which encompassing multiple-uses forestry. It
includes safeguarding of clean water supplies, conservation of biological
diversity, enhancing environmental quality, flood control and climate change.
Malaysia
continues to raise the bar on SFM standards, notably through the implementation
of the criteria and indicators for Forest Management Certification MC&I
(2002) as well as to
fulfil the requirements of MS ISO 9001:2008 besides enforcement and international
benchmarking activities. It is widely recognized that the
task is complex and recommended international best
practices are themselves evolving in line with growing stakeholder expectations
and corporate strategy.
Should
the policies and practices did not embrace and encourage Sustainable Forest Management,
much of the Malaysian forest cover would have been seriously depleted by
now. Evidently, the sustainable forest management
practiced in Malaysia was evolved to optimize an economic cut, maintain overall forest sustainability
and minimize forest development costs.
By
implementing sustainable forest management, the precious natural
forest heritage and endangered wildlife with an abundance
of both flora and fauna have been well preserved. There
are 8,000 species of flowering plants which inclusive of 2,000 tree species,
800 types of orchid and 200 types of palm besides being home to more than 200
species of mammals, 600 different bird varieties, 140 species of snakes, 80
types of lizard, 300 species of fresh water fishes and thousands of insects.
In recent decades, the importance of medicinal plants from the well manages Malaysia rainforest as modern medicine has been proven due
to the
growing need for biodiversity conservation. There
are a total of 121 types
of modern medicine which had been successfully produced from 95 species of
plants.
To date, a
total of 45 modern medicines that have been studied for medicinal purposes approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to
be used in USA,
of these 23 are belonging
to tropical rain forests.
The ingredients of modern medicine that obtained
and synthesized from tropical
rain forests plant such as Kuinin (Cinchona
ledgeriana) for malaria treatment; vinblastina and vinkristina (Catharanthus roseus) for anti-cancer; Kalanolida
and kastalolida from Bintangor spp. (Calophyllum
lanigerum) for active substance in curing AIDS and
taxol from Taxus brevifolia for
cancer treatment are the successful
examples of the research
done on the
medicinal plants.
Today,
the
new scientific tropical rainforest plant-based medicines findings have created a strong awareness
on
western pharmaceutical industry to conduct the researches of the
viability
of medicinal plants extracts
on large scale of commercial
significance.
Ironically, forests have
had a positive effect on all human life whereby its ecosystems
are responsible for much of our climate physiology. The ecosystem is a core functions
of a working forest in which forest trees begin emitting oxygen soon after
planting. As
a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms, simply
planting trees will not create a working forest ecosystem without the present of these
essential elements.
Forests play a specific and important role in carbon sequestration by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis,
storing carbon in the form of wood fibres and producing oxygen as a by-product
of photosynthesis. Due to increasing emissions
of greenhouse gases,
forests become even more vital by removing CO2 from the atmosphere
to mitigate the effects of climate change on the environment.
Forests in the United States
absorb and store not less than 750 million metric tons of carbon dioxide yearly,
an amount equivalent to 10% of the country’s CO2 emissions.
Consequently, the forest harvesting activity throughout
the world contributes to a total of 18% of all carbon dioxide emission (Stem, 2006) which causes the incidence
of global warming. In Malaysia, the peat
swamp forests believe to store an average of 2,000 metric tonnes of carbon per
hectare or an equivalent of 5 billion metric tonnes of carbon making them the
most important carbon store in the country (National
Action Plan on Peatlands, 2009).
The
disappearing of rain forest will
cause the extinction of animals and plant species. Most of the animal species
affected will be the insects. Many plants and animals will lose their different
habitats. The water quality of the forests also suffers. Without trees, rain
will no longer seep into the forest's soil and water reserves that are underground
are not being replaced. The soil will then end up in rivers and streams and
kill the fish. The quality of air is also being reduced by forest destruction
from all the dust and soot in the air. Bad gases are also building up in the earth's
atmosphere from pollution. What about forming oxygen
again and putting it back in the air?
What
would happen to the atmosphere's carbon dioxide if there wasn’t any tree? The earth's
temperature would rise and could make further animal and plant species become
extinct.
Evidently,
the various legislations promulgated over the years to strengthen the
institutions as well the management and utilization of forests. A strong
institutional framework has been established between the State Governments
under which forest jurisdiction lies and the Federal Government responsible for
national policy of the country.
Undeniably,
ecologically and environmentally sound forest conservation and management
policies have been developed in Malaysia to ensure that the forest resources in
the country are managed for the sustainable yield of timber and non-timber
products, the enhancement of climatic stability and ecological balance as well
as the safeguarding of water resources and the conservation of bio-diversity.
Malaysia continues to be transparent
in its efforts to sustainable manage its forest resources by improving the
investment climate for plantations as a supplementary source of wood supply,
diversifying wood products markets to reduce commercial risk to the industry,
increasing utilization of lesser-known wood species and biomass from perennial
agricultural cash crops such as rubber and oil palm.
Regulations are in place with regard
to forest management operations; these specify in detail harvesting guidelines,
codes of best practices, forest inventory, silviculture and construction of
forest roads. All harvesting and related operations are carried out by
contractors operating on the basis of licenses and legally-binding agreements.
These licences stipulate intensity of extraction, harvesting sequence, tree
size limitations,
transportation routes, standards of road construction and methods of treatment.
As to enhance the existing rules and guidelines to
ensure the nation has sufficient supply of clean water for domestic,
agriculture and industrial uses, Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia had
initiated a legislative Rules and Regulations for Watershed Management in the
PRF.
In
areas under selective logging, there are standards for the protection of water
courses, construction of bridges and water crossings and the establishment of
stream buffers. Logging is not allowed in sensitive and water-catchment areas.
The use of chemicals for the poison girdling of trees has also long been
discontinued.
The
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity are two of main global
challenges of our time which seriously addressed by Malaysia. Management of
forest in Malaysia is thus treated at first as an exception to the rule of
checks-and-balances between protecting the environment and producing timber as
forests are essential for human survival and well-being.
Forestry can have a variety of negative impacts on
biodiversity, particularly when carried out without management standards
designed to protect natural assets. However,
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) as an evolving concept, constantly adapting
to new challenges to the effective delivery of forest goods and services, plays
a crucial role for the successful forest governance in Malaysia.
Malaysia
is also fully committed to a number of international agreements related to
forests that promote wise management of the forests. The Forestry Department
Peninsular Malaysia in particular have taken necessary actions to redefine the
role and responsibilities of foresters to manage the forest resources in
meeting changing society needs for both forest goods and services without
unduly degrading the resources and the environment. Many of the
actions are directly aimed at reducing deforestation and forest degradation, and creating or maintaining sustainable livelihoods.
Malaysia’s
forest policies have always emphasized the balance between protecting the
environment and producing timber which gain recognition from the International community
especially the ITTO.
The
ITTO is an inter-governmental organization promoting the conservation,
sustainable management and trade of tropical forest resources. The 2005 report
affirms the fact that Malaysia’s forests are well-managed in its review of the
status of SFM in producer member countries, as a follow-up to ITTO’s initial
survey carried out in 1998.
In
1989 a mission from the ITTO visited Malaysia to assess the sustainable utilization
and conservation on tropical forests. Another mission went to Sarawak in 1992
after which recommendations were provided by ITTO experts to further enhance
SFM including those pertaining to an annual production of 9.2 million m³ from
the Permanent Forest Estates (PFE) of Sarawak.
This
recommended production of 9.2 million m³ per annum, is not to be confused with
the average total figure of around 12 million m³, which includes harvests from state
land. Since the last 10 years, the annual production from Sarawak’s PFE has dropped
below 9 million m³.
International
organizations have repeatedly stated the fact that Malaysia’s forests are well managed,
and the ITTO has recognized Malaysia as foremost amongst the tropical timber-producing
countries in achieving ITTO Year 2000 objectives, whereby producer countries
are expected to strive to install the necessary processes to achieve SFM.
In
a paper presented by Mr. Moctar Toure, the Team Leader, Land and Water Resources,
Global Environment Facility (GEF) of the World Bank, he said: “Malaysia offers
a vivid example of a country that has developed an effective sound policy and
legal framework for the management of its tropical forest resources. Key to its
success is the statement of a clear vision and political commitment to ensure
the continuity of forest product flow, while conserving complex ecosystems,
rich and varied in flora and fauna.”
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